If you’ve ever dreamed of raising goats on a small farm, you’re in for an adventure. Goats are intelligent, social, and surprisingly low-maintenance animals that can provide milk, meat, fiber, or simply companionship. However, caring for them requires knowledge, patience, and a bit of elbow grease. Whether you’re a first-time goat owner or looking to refine your skills, this guide will walk you through everything you need to know about feeding and tending goats on a small farm. By the end, I’m confident you’ll feel equipped to create a happy, healthy environment for your herd.
Why Goats Are Perfect for Small Farms
Before diving into the nitty-gritty of goat care, let’s talk about why goats are such a great fit for small-scale farming. Unlike larger livestock like cows, goats require less space, feed, and infrastructure. They’re browsers by nature, meaning they thrive on a diet of weeds, shrubs, and brush—plants that might otherwise overrun your property. Plus, their playful personalities make them a joy to have around.
I remember when we first brought home our two Nigerian Dwarf goats. Within days, they had transformed an overgrown patch of thorny bushes into a tidy grazing area. Not only did they save us hours of manual labor, but they also became cherished members of our farm family. If you’re ready to experience the rewards of raising goats, read on to learn how to meet their needs effectively.
Understanding Goat Nutrition: What Do Goats Eat?
Feeding goats properly is one of the most critical aspects of their care. While they’re hardy animals, their dietary requirements must be met to ensure optimal health and productivity. Here’s a breakdown of what goats need to thrive:
1. Forage: The Foundation of Their Diet
Goats are natural browsers, which means they prefer nibbling on a variety of plants rather than grazing on grass alone. In the wild, they’d eat leaves, twigs, bark, and weeds. On a small farm, you can replicate this diet by providing access to pasture, browse areas, or supplemental hay.
- Pasture: Ideally, goats should have access to diverse pastures with a mix of grasses, clovers, and broadleaf plants. Avoid monoculture fields, as they lack the variety goats crave.
- Browse Areas: If you have wooded areas or hedgerows, allow your goats to explore them safely. They’ll happily munch on tree branches, brambles, and other vegetation.
- Hay: During winter months or dry seasons, high-quality hay becomes essential. Alfalfa and clover hays are rich in protein and calcium, making them excellent choices for lactating does or growing kids. Grass hay, like timothy or orchard grass, is better suited for maintenance diets.
2. Grains and Concentrates
While goats don’t strictly need grain, certain situations call for supplemental feeding. Pregnant or nursing does, growing kids, and working bucks may benefit from added calories and nutrients. Commercial goat feeds are formulated to provide balanced nutrition, but you can also mix your own using grains like oats, barley, and corn.
Be cautious not to overfeed grain, as it can lead to digestive issues like bloat or acidosis. Start with small amounts and gradually increase as needed. We learned this lesson the hard way when one of our goats developed bloat after gorging on spilled grain. Thankfully, quick action (and a dose of baking soda) resolved the issue, but it taught us the importance of moderation.
3. Minerals and Supplements
Goats require specific minerals to stay healthy, including calcium, phosphorus, selenium, copper, and zinc. Free-choice mineral blocks or loose minerals designed for goats are a convenient way to meet these needs. Avoid using sheep-specific minerals, as goats require higher levels of copper, which can be toxic to sheep.
In regions with selenium-deficient soil, consider offering a selenium supplement or injectable booster under veterinary guidance. Selenium deficiency can cause white muscle disease, particularly in young kids.
4. Fresh Water
Clean, fresh water is non-negotiable. Goats drink more than you might expect—up to several gallons per day, depending on temperature and activity level. Ensure water troughs are cleaned regularly to prevent algae buildup and contamination.
Daily Care Routines for Happy, Healthy Goats
Beyond feeding, goats need consistent attention to remain content and productive. Establishing a daily routine helps streamline chores and ensures nothing falls through the cracks. Here’s what a typical day looks like for us:
Morning Check-In
Start your day by observing your goats’ behavior. Are they active and alert? Do they seem interested in food? Any signs of lethargy, limping, or unusual discharge could indicate illness. Early detection is key to preventing minor issues from escalating.
Next, distribute morning feed. For lactating does or growing kids, this might include a measured portion of grain alongside hay. Non-lactating adults usually do fine with just forage and minerals.
Midday Observation
During the middle of the day, take a moment to check fences, shelters, and water sources. Goats are notorious escape artists, so inspect fencing for weak spots or chewed wires. Top off water buckets if necessary, and remove any uneaten feed to discourage pests.
Evening Routine
Evenings are similar to mornings, with another round of feeding and observation. This is also a good time to bring goats back into their shelter if they roam freely during the day. Secure gates and double-check that everyone is accounted for before calling it a night.
Housing and Shelter Needs
Providing adequate housing is crucial for protecting goats from predators, extreme weather, and parasites. While goats are resilient, they still need a safe, dry place to retreat when conditions turn harsh.
Basic Shelter Requirements
A simple three-sided shed with a sloped roof is often sufficient. The opening should face away from prevailing winds, and the floor should be raised slightly to prevent moisture buildup. Bedding materials like straw or wood shavings help insulate against cold and absorb urine.
Fencing Considerations
Goats are curious and agile, so sturdy fencing is a must. Woven wire or electric netting works well to keep goats contained while deterring predators. Bury the bottom edge of the fence at least 6 inches deep to prevent digging critters from sneaking in.
We initially underestimated the importance of secure fencing until a neighbor’s dog wandered onto our property and spook Everyone waas the goats.y okay, but it reinforced the value of investing in robust barriers.
Health and Wellness Tips
Preventive care is the cornerstone of successful goat husbandry. Regular monitoring, vaccinations, and parasite control go a long way toward keeping your herd healthy.
Vaccinations
Consult your veterinarian to determine which vaccines are recommended in your area. Common ones include CD&T (clostridium perfringens types C and D plus tetanus), rabies, and caseous lymphadenitis (CL).
Parasite Management
Internal parasites, such as worms, are a common challenge for goat owners. Practice rotational grazing to reduce parasite loads, and administer dewormers judiciously to avoid resistance. Fecal egg counts can help assess whether treatment is necessary.
External parasites, like lice and mites, can also cause discomfort. Dusting powders or topical treatments may be required during infestations.
Hoof Trimming
Regular hoof trimming prevents overgrowth, which can lead to lameness and infection. Depending on the terrain and individual goat, trimming every 6–8 weeks is usually sufficient. Invest in a good pair of hoof shears and take your time to avoid cutting too deeply.
Breeding and Kid Care
If you plan to breed your goats, understanding the reproductive cycle is essential. Does typically come into heat every 21 days during breeding season, which occurs in late summer through early winter for most breeds.
Pregnancy and Kidding
Pregnancy lasts approximately five months, during which does require increased nutrition. Provide ample protein and energy to support fetal development. Prepare a clean, quiet kidding pen where does can give birth without stress.
Once the kids arrive, monitor them closely to ensure they nurse within the first few hours. Colostrum, the nutrient-rich first milk, is vital for building immunity. Bottle-feed orphaned or rejected kids with goat milk or a suitable replacer.
Weaning and Beyond
Kids can be weaned at 8–12 weeks old, provided they’re eating solid food consistently. Gradually reduce their access to mom’s milk to ease the transition. After weaning, continue offering high-quality forage and supplements tailored to their growth stage.
Building a Thriving Goat Operation
Raising goats on a small farm is both challenging and rewarding. With proper feeding, housing, and care, these versatile animals can enhance your land, provide valuable resources, and bring endless joy to your life. Over time, you’ll develop a rhythm that works for you and your herd, allowing you to focus on the unique bond you share with these remarkable creatures.
Whether you’re milking a dairy goat, shearing a fiber breed, or simply enjoying their antics, goats have a way of enriching the farming experience. So roll up your sleeves, embrace the learning curve, and watch as your small farm transforms into a thriving haven thanks to your caprine companions.
+ There are no comments
Add yours